صلاح الدين منوچهري

Economic growth is one of the main concepts in macroeconomics, which is a function of various variables. One of the important and influential variables on Iran's economic growth is oil revenues, so that its increase and decrease are strongly affected by the Iranian economy. On the other hand, the exchange rate, as a key variable in determining the competitive strength of various sectors of the economy and regulating foreign trade relations, plays a vital role in economic growth and development. Any deviation of the exchange rate from the equilibrium level not only causes market instability and increases production costs, but can also lead to inappropriate allocation of resources, reduced investment in productive sectors, and the expansion of unproductive activities. The present study was conducted with the aim of examining the impact of oil revenues and exchange rate deviations on Iran's economic growth during the period 1370 to 1402. In order to better explain and analyze the research topic, intervening variables such as inflation, unemployment, and foreign direct investment have been included in the research model. In this study, vector autoregression test was used to estimate the model. The findings of the study show that oil revenues have a positive effect on economic growth, while exchange rate deviation has a negative effect on economic growth. Also, economic growth in Iran is affected by inflation, unemployment, and foreign direct investment variables. So that inflation and unemployment have a negative effect and foreign investment has a positive effect on economic growth in Iran. According to the data of the instantaneous response functions, in the short term, shocks from oil revenues and foreign direct investment lead to a positive reaction in economic growth, but shocks from exchange rate deviation, inflation, and unemployment have a negative effect on economic growth. In addition, in the medium and long term, the above variables are relatively stable, but economic growth has performed poorly and has not been able to increase sustainably. Another important conclusion of the present study is that past values of oil revenue variables, exchange rate deviations, and other intervening variables do not have the necessary ability to predict economic growth and these variables are not Granger causes of economic growth. Considering these results, policymakers should focus on the stability of inflation control and exchange rate deviation management to ensure the long-term effectiveness of foreign direct investment and the optimal conversion of oil revenues into productive investments. Such an approach makes the positive effects of shocks more stable and their negative effects on economic growth less. Therefore, in order to achieve economic growth, it is necessary to manage the impact of each of the above variables through effective and efficient policies and optimal use of resources.

Sustainability-related topics have garnered the attention of policymakers and economists for over two decades, leading to ongoing efforts to develop indicators for measuring sustainability. In this regard, the Sustainable Society Foundation of the Netherlands introduced an index called the Sustainable Society Index in 2006. The aim of this index is to provide a quantitative method for measuring the level of sustainability in societies based on three dimensions of well-being: human well-being, environmental well-being, and economic well-being. Investigating the factors influencing sustainable societies is essential. In today's world, innovation and creative industries play a key role in advancing the objectives of a community. These two factors lead to changes in the economy, the environment, and the quality of human life, thus impacting the sustainability and well-being of societies. Therefore, it is necessary to study the impact of innovation and creative industries on society sustainability. This research investigates the impact of innovation and creative industries on the Sustainable Society Index in 87 selected countries of the world from 2013 to 2020, utilizing a panel smooth transition regression approach. The impact of innovation and creative industries on society sustainability is analyzed through two separate models, with the first lag of the Sustainable Society Index considered as the transition variable. The findings indicate a nonlinear relationship between the research variables in both models. The optimal configuration for the sustainable society and innovation model is represented by two transition functions and a threshold, while the optimal configuration for the sustainable society and creative industries model consists of two transition functions and two thresholds. The transfer of functions in the sustainable society and innovation model has been relatively smooth, but in the sustainable society and creative industries model, the transition to the second regime has been very rapid and the transition to the third regime has been slow. The findings reveal that innovation has a positive effect in the first regime but a negative impact on society sustainability in the second and third regimes. In other words, as the level of society sustainability increases, the positive effect of innovation diminishes and turns negative. Creative industries also have a negative impact on society sustainability in all three regimes. In other words, creative industries reduce society sustainability at any level. According to the results, it is evident that only the economic aspects of innovation and creative industries have been adequately addressed, while the social and environmental side effects have been largely overlooked. To reduce the negative impacts of these two factors and to harness their benefits, it is essential to re-evaluate policies and activities related to innovation. In addition to emphasizing the economic dimension of innovative and creative projects, it is crucial to consider their effects on society and the environment. Developing regulatory frameworks for sustainability, supporting sustainable innovations, encouraging investment in humanitarian and environmentally-friendly projects, and consistently monitoring the effects of activities based on innovation and creativity are among the recommended strategies to mitigate the adverse consequences of these activities.

Housing is a fundamental human need that plays a vital role in ensuring both individual and social well-being and security. Its significance goes beyond merely providing shelter; it has profound effects on mental health, social connections, and economic stability. Housing prices are a key economic and social indicator, directly impacting the quality of life and the purchasing power of households. When housing prices rise, it can lead to increased social inequality, limit access to suitable housing, and place additional financial strain on families. Therefore, understanding the factors that influence housing prices and implementing effective policies to manage them is crucial for urban planning and sustainable development. Social capital, which consists of the networks, relationships, trust, and shared norms within a community, plays an essential role in facilitating cooperation and coordination among individuals and groups. This type of capital is crucial for enhancing quality of life, boosting social engagement, and fostering a sense of community. Areas with high levels of social capital tend to be more attractive to potential residents, often featuring better infrastructure, higher security, and superior public services. This attractiveness drives up demand and, consequently, increases housing prices. Thus, social capital can indirectly impact housing prices and should be a key consideration in housing market decisions and investments. This study aims to explore the impact of social capital on housing prices in Iran from 1989 to 2022 using the quantile method. The findings reveal a positive and significant relationship between social capital and housing prices. Additionally, factors such as exchange rates, gold prices, inflation rates, GDP per capita, and stock indices also significantly influence housing price growth in Iran. In light of these findings, policymakers can reduce pressure on the housing market by strengthening social capital within local communities. This could involve supporting initiatives that foster social interactions, develop shared public spaces, and encourage social and economic participation at the local level. Additionally, to mitigate the effects of economic variables like exchange rates and inflation on housing prices, implementing sound fiscal and monetary policies is recommended. These measures can help stabilize the housing market and improve access to affordable housing.

Climate risk refers to the possibility of severe and harmful climatic events and their negative effects on communities and the environment. On the other hand, the risks caused by climate change, such as extreme weather events and rising sea levels, are a serious threat to energy security and the stability of societies. Considering the complexity and importance of the energy security issue, it is necessary to comprehensively investigate the factors affecting it, identify the existing threats and provide appropriate solutions to improve the situation. The main goal of this research was to investigate the reaction of energy security risk to climate risk in the period 2004-2018 for 75 countries (including 31 developed countries and 44 developing countries) using the panel vector autoregression (PVAR) model. According to the findings, the average energy security risk index (ESRI) is almost the same in both groups, but there are significant differences in other variables. The average of climate risk index (CRI), globalization (GI) and government size (Gs) in developed countries is significantly higher than in developing countries. which indicated that developed countries are generally exposed to more climate risks and the level of globalization and government intervention in their economy is higher. On the contrary, the average economic growth (RGg) and added value of the industry sector (Ind) are higher in developing countries. The research results show that the reaction of energy security risk to climate risk in selected developing and developed countries has been positive. That is, the increase in shocks related to climate risk during these years has increased the risk related to energy security in the mentioned countries, and the increase in energy security risk in developed countries has been lower than in developing countries.

Identifying economic and non-economic factors affecting poverty in developing countries is crucial for achieving sustainable development. The impact of economic growth and urbanization, through creating employment, infrastructure development, and equitable distribution of benefits, is of great importance in reducing poverty. These factors are considered a top priority for economic policymakers and address the needs of deprived and impoverished segments of society. The importance of poverty and the achievement of sustainable development as fundamental goals for developing countries has been emphasized more than ever. The objective of this research is to examine the impact of economic growth and urbanization on poverty reduction in Iran during the period of 1992-2021, using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) regression model. The poverty reduction index, measured by the Gini coefficient, and the variables used in the study are economic growth rate, urbanization rate, inflation, oil rents, and trade openness. The results obtained from the estimations indicate that the economic growth rate variable has a significant negative impact on poverty reduction in Iran, with a breakpoint. Furthermore, the urbanization rate variable has a significant positive impact on poverty reduction, as it may lead to an inappropriate distribution of benefits and increased costs for the poor and low-income individuals, resulting in an increase in poverty in the country. Additionally, the findings show that oil rents have a significant negative impact on poverty reduction, suggesting that economic dependence on natural resources and lack of economic diversification can contribute to poverty reduction in Iran. According to the estimation results, the variables of inflation and trade openness also have a positive impact on poverty reduction.Therefore, it is recommended to implement economic policies and programs that empower economic sectors and encourage investment and development of economic activities in various regions.

Abstract Direct and unique experiences with a product provide a deeper understanding of its benefits and features, ultimately having a greater impact on customer satisfaction and judgment. In stealth marketing, by creating creative and extraordinary experiences, the role of a mediator in influencing customer experience can be strengthened. This study aims to examine the impact of customer experience on product judgment and the environment, the importance of human senses in creating positive or negative experiences, and ultimately, the role of stealth marketing in consumer judgment. The present research is quantitative in nature and applied in terms of its goal. In terms of data collection and analysis methods, it is descriptive and non-experimental, with analyses conducted using structural equation modeling. Additionally, the research is of a survey type, as data were collected through a questionnaire. The statistical population of this study includes customers of chain stores in the city of Sanandaj, located in Kurdistan Province, and the questionnaire was distributed among 280 customers, determined using the G*Power software. Findings show that with a path coefficient of 0.504, there is a positive and significant effect between stealth marketing and customer experience. Furthermore, the relationship between customer experience and consumer judgment with a coefficient of 0.458 indicates a positive and significant impact. Additionally, the direct relationship between stealth marketing and consumer judgment is shown with a coefficient of 0.309, indicating a positive but less significant effect compared to the indirect relationship via customer experience. The results of the study revealed that experience and stealth marketing together play a stronger and more meaningful role in consumer judgment.